{"id":1592,"date":"2026-03-27T07:35:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:35:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vi\/common-erd-design-mistakes-and-how-to-avoid-them\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T07:35:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:35:12","slug":"common-erd-design-mistakes-and-how-to-avoid-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vi\/common-erd-design-mistakes-and-how-to-avoid-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh ch\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang, ERD \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd lan r\u1ed9ng qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, ngh\u1ebdn t\u1eafc hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao.<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y.<\/p>\n

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  • Thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u hay nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng hay ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i trong ERD k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
  • X\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u sai:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng trung gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ee9c tham gia t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng giao nhau cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ea3ng trung gian n\u00e0y l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha, t\u1ea1o ra hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c c\u1edd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

    2. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ecf qua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng duy nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
    • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1eebng b\u1ea3n ghi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
    • B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng:<\/strong>Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa thao t\u00e1c ghi, vi\u1ec7c phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed n\u1ed1i, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      3. H\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3ng d\u00f9ng snake_case v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng CamelCase s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i c\u00fa ph\u00e1p khi vi\u1ebft truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

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      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef hoa ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>Pha tr\u1ed9n user_id<\/code> v\u00e0 userId<\/code> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c script t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ORMs (b\u1ed9 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-quan h\u1ec7) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n
      • T\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean nh\u01b0 tbl_1<\/code> ho\u1eb7c field_a<\/code> kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
      • T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t order<\/code> ho\u1eb7c group<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00fa ph\u00e1p SQL. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i khi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u SQL \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/h3>\n

        \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00ean l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, customers<\/code>), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u00ean l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, first_name<\/code>). Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 _id<\/code> ho\u1eb7c _pk<\/code>. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 customer_id<\/code>.<\/p>\n

        4. Hi\u1ec3u sai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

        C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi trong hai b\u1ea3ng. Hi\u1ec3u sai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i logic trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn 1:1 v\u1edbi 1:N:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t khi logic kinh doanh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khi h\u1ecd n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c hay t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb NULL, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. Kh\u00f4ng ghi ch\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u00e8n b\u1ea3n ghi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
        • S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 mang t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng<\/code>, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng<\/code> thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/code>. \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 logic x\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt lan truy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          5. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

          Ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sai cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng VARCHAR cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong> L\u01b0u m\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c c\u1edd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong m\u1ed9t VARCHAR<\/code> tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so s\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3u li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
          • R\u1ee7i ro tr\u00e0n s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t INT<\/code> cho c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2 t\u1ef7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i im l\u1eb7ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng BIGINT<\/code> ho\u1eb7c DECIMAL<\/code> cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DATETIME<\/code> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00fai gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u theo UTC v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            6. L\u1ed7i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f3a \ud83d\udd11<\/h2>\n

            Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 UUID ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng) th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
            • Thi\u1ebfu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3ng con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n
            • R\u1ee7i ro x\u00f3a cascading:<\/strong>C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh x\u00f3a cascading m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi cha kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ghi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              L\u1ed7i<\/th>\nH\u1eadu qu\u1ea3<\/th>\nH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              Li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi hai kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/td>\nS\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/td>\nChu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n 3NF v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              T\u00ean c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec cao v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/td>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm<\/td>\nTh\u00eam ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sai<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/td>\nPh\u00f9 h\u1ee3p lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: INT so v\u1edbi VARCHAR)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              7. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec3n khai \u2705<\/h2>\n

              Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • X\u00e1c minh t\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c tham gia t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • X\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e3 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
              • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p ERD trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 g\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/li>\n
                • Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai tr\u00e1nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  9. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u26a1<\/h2>\n

                  C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i cao.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh theo s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi:<\/strong>Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lai.<\/li>\n
                  • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy c\u1eadp. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. Tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    10. X\u1eed l\u00fd logic kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

                    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 logic \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111ang ch\u1edd<\/code> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi<\/code>), \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
                    • X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong> Thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t is_deleted<\/code> c\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n trong khi gi\u1eef cho ph\u1ea7n xem ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/li>\n
                    • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 theo th\u1eddi gian), h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                      X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, l\u1ed7i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean k\u00e9m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, truy v\u1ea5n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n. Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

                      H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea1n, bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Khi c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd, h\u00e3y \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1593,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh ch\u00fang","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[82,85],"class_list":["post-1592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nNh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh ch\u00fang<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. 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