{"id":1752,"date":"2026-03-25T15:48:36","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:48:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vi\/adding-time-to-your-erd-techniques-for-temporal-data-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T15:48:36","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T15:48:36","slug":"adding-time-to-your-erd-techniques-for-temporal-data-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vi\/adding-time-to-your-erd-techniques-for-temporal-data-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00eam Th\u1eddi Gian V\u00e0o S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 M\u1ed1i Quan H\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3 C\u1ee7a B\u1ea1n: C\u00e1c K\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt M\u00f4 H\u00ecnh H\u00f3a D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u Th\u1eddi Gian"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0u tr\u1eef gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng tin kinh doanh v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang \u1edf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ea1i Sao ERD Truy\u1ec1n Th\u1ed1ng Th\u1ea5t B\u1ea1i Khi Xem X\u00e9t L\u1ecbch S\u1eed \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t ERD th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ghi \u0111\u00e8. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m n\u0103m qua. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a theo th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • M\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tri\u1ec3n khai trigger th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed cho m\u1ecdi thao t\u00e1c ghi.<\/li>\n
  • Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
  • To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi gian r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh ghi \u0111\u00e8 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00fang th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sang ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u R\u00f5 C\u00e1c Chi\u1ec1u Th\u1eddi Gian \u23f3<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00f3 hai chi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t: Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian Giao d\u1ecbch. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

    1. Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 (Th\u1eddi gian Kinh doanh)<\/h3>\n

    Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb B\u00e1n h\u00e0ng sang K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1, Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/li>\n
    • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1edbivalid_from<\/code> v\u00e0 valid_to<\/code>th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Th\u1eddi gian Giao d\u1ecbch (Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng)<\/h3>\n

      Th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi h\u00f4m nay, Th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd ghi l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb x\u00f3a, Th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n ghi ng\u1eebng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
      • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0sys_start<\/code> v\u00e0 sys_end<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u hai chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian<\/h3>\n

        Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian Giao d\u1ecbch, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng hai chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1eddi gian to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0, \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2023, v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2023?\u201d<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

        M\u1eabu K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc Thay \u0111\u1ed5i D\u1ea7n (SCD) Lo\u1ea1i 2<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Thay v\u00ec c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi, b\u1ea1n ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n ghi c\u0169 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • B\u1ed5 sung ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> surrogate_key<\/code> (\u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi) v\u00e0 is_active<\/code>c\u1edd.<\/li>\n
        • L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>Truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1ea3n ghi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
        • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>B\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh theo t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. X\u00f3a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          M\u1eabu B\u1ea3ng Kho\u1ea3ng Th\u1eddi gian<\/h3>\n

          Trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3u kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian thay v\u00ec hai c\u1ed9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1eb5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n l\u00ean nhau.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • B\u1ed5 sung ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t KHO\u1ea2NG TH\u1edcI GIAN<\/code> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
          • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            M\u1eabu L\u01b0u tr\u1eef S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

            Thay v\u00ec l\u01b0u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n l\u01b0u m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • B\u1ed5 sung ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n
            • L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>D\u00f2ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o; kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>Logic \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p SCD Lo\u1ea1i 2 chi ti\u1ebft \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p, SCD Lo\u1ea1i 2 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ERD.<\/p>\n

              H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng cho m\u1ed7i ID kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ID kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

              Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • customer_id<\/code>: Kh\u00f3a kinh doanh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n
              • version_id<\/code>: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
              • valid_from<\/code>: Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n ghi n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/li>\n
              • valid_to<\/code>: Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n ghi n\u00e0y ng\u1eebng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0 NULL \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ghi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
              • is_current<\/code>: M\u1ed9t c\u1edd logic \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Khi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt valid_to<\/code> c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u0169 th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                2. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp is_current<\/code> th\u00e0nh False cho h\u00e0ng c\u0169.<\/li>\n
                3. Ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                4. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp valid_from<\/code> th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                5. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp valid_to<\/code> th\u00e0nh NULL.<\/li>\n
                6. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp is_current<\/code> th\u00e0nh True.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  B\u1ea3ng Kho\u1ea3ng Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 \ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 SCD Type 2 linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng B\u1ea3ng Kho\u1ea3ng Th\u1eddi gian cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic x\u1ea3y ra khi valid_from<\/code> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n valid_to<\/code>.<\/p>\n

                  Xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 sau \u0111\u00e2y cho m\u1ed9t B\u1ea3ng Kho\u1ea3ng Th\u1eddi gian:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  T\u00ean c\u1ed9t<\/th>\nLo\u1ea1i<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                  entity_id<\/code><\/td>\nUUID<\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh cho th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  gi\u00e1_tr\u1ecb_d\u1eef_li\u1ec7u<\/code><\/td>\nVARCHAR<\/td>\nThu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  kho\u1ea3ng_th\u1eddi_gian<\/code><\/td>\nPERIOD(TH\u1edcI_GIAN)<\/td>\nTh\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  phi\u00ean_b\u1ea3n_h\u1ec7_th\u1ed1ng<\/code><\/td>\nINT<\/td>\nS\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho h\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00e8n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thao t\u00e1c s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                  X\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                  Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f4i khi, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 sai trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                  V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp sai \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch. Sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ghi v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea9n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i\u201d, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecdc ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a).<\/p>\n

                  Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Bitemporal \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Bitemporal k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0ng cho tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra.<\/p>\n

                  H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian:h\u1ee3p_l\u1ec7_t\u1eeb<\/code>, h\u1ee3p_l\u1ec7_\u0111\u1ebfn<\/code>, giao_d\u1ecbch_t\u1eeb<\/code>, giao_d\u1ecbch_\u0111\u1ebfn<\/code>.<\/li>\n
                  • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
                  • C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i kho\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Logic v\u00ed d\u1ee5 truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc theo Th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc theo Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc theo c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n

                    M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, n\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                    Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                    Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                    1. D\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/h3>\n

                    M\u1ed7i thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng theo kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n nhanh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                    2. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n<\/h3>\n

                    L\u1ecdc theo kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n t\u1eebng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i mili gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e9t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                    3. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n

                    M\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c CRUD \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                    4. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                    \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ngvalid_from<\/code> lu\u00f4n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1nvalid_to<\/code>y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \ud83e\uddf9<\/h2>\n

                    \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian lu\u00f4n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ID n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 cho b\u1ea3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a kinh doanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00f3a kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
                    • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean (entity_id<\/code>, valid_from<\/code>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm cho b\u1ea3n ghi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u00e3 10 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 sang b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho b\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n g\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian:<\/strong>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Th\u1eddi gian H\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian Giao d\u1ecbch trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n
                    • X\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n

                      Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/th>\nChi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/th>\nT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      Lo\u1ea1i SCD 2<\/strong><\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTheo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh doanh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      B\u1ea3ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Hai chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nPh\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1p y, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      Ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (\u0111\u1ecdc)<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                      Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

                      Khi b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, b\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. N\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y. N\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 gi\u00e0 \u0111i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

                      B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                      Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00edch l\u0169y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

                      Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ‘t\u1ea1i sao’ \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ea3y sinh, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1753,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a D\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo Th\u1eddi gian trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: M\u1ed9t H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udd70\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. 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