{"id":1703,"date":"2026-03-26T14:14:41","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T14:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vi\/modeling-inheritance-supertypes-subtypes-database-schema-design\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T14:14:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T14:14:41","slug":"modeling-inheritance-supertypes-subtypes-database-schema-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/vn\/modeling-inheritance-supertypes-subtypes-database-schema-design\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ERD: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba: Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i con trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i con. \ud83e\udde9<\/p>\n<p>Khi ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 &#8220;l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t&#8221;. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t <strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a <strong>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <strong>Xe h\u01a1i<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a <strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/strong>. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n trong khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n. \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Chibi-style infographic explaining database inheritance modeling with supertypes and subtypes, illustrating three implementation strategies (Single Table, Class Table, and Concrete Table Inheritance), completeness and disjointness constraints, with cute character illustrations, pros\/cons icons, and clear English labels for database schema design education\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.go-diagram.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/database-inheritance-supertype-subtype-chibi-infographic.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd11 C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i con<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho danh m\u1ee5c chung. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, <em>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo\u1ea1i con:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 con. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m <em>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i con m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i con l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. M\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i con \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u2705<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcca C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h2>\n<p>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ERD logic th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan h\u1ec7. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/p>\n<h3>1. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n (STI)<\/h3>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t cho m\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>R\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<code>SELECT<\/code>l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>B\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u<code>NULL<\/code>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 cho lo\u1ea1i con thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp (CTI)<\/h3>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. B\u1ea3ng si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1i con ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>R\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<code>NULL<\/code>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. C\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c<code>JOIN<\/code>thao t\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p thao t\u00e1c<code>INSERT<\/code>v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. B\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i con (K\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3)<\/h3>\n<p>Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i con, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1i con ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea3n sao c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>Truy v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i. N\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<code>NULL<\/code>c\u1ee7a STI.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong>D\u01b0 th\u1eeba d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt trong m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1i con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u2696\ufe0f C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn logic v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \ud83d\udcdd<\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/h3>\n<p>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong>M\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n &#8216;chung chung&#8217;. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi <em>\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/em> ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c <em>Th\u00fa<\/em> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t <em>Chim<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e1n ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c<\/h3>\n<p>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng l\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u1eddi r\u1ea1c:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <em>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/em> v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <em>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean<\/em> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Giao nhau:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t <em>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi logic kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \ud83e\udde0<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/th>\n<th>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/th>\n<th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb + \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u con duy nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n chung<\/td>\n<td>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng: \u0110ang ch\u1edd, \u0110\u00e3 g\u1eedi, \u0110\u00e3 giao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb + Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u con duy nh\u1ea5t, ki\u1ec3u con t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: VIP ho\u1eb7c Th\u01b0\u1eddng (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Giao nhau + \u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\n<td>Cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u con, ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>Vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng: Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean (ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Giao nhau + Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/td>\n<td>Cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u con, t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn<\/td>\n<td>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m: B\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Khuy\u1ebfn m\u00e3i (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd0d Truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Truy xu\u1ea5t D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft truy v\u1ea5n. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111i qua c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \ud83d\udd0e<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Truy xu\u1ea5t D\u1eef li\u1ec7u Ki\u1ec3u con:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u con, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3u con. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n trong K\u1ebf th\u1eeba B\u1ea3ng L\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Truy xu\u1ea5t D\u1eef li\u1ec7u Ki\u1ec3u cha:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3u cha.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Truy v\u1ea5n \u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong> Khi truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3u con, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<code>UNION<\/code> c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n n\u1ed1i n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi truy v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. \u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee0\ufe0f B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n<p>L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. \ud83d\udd04<\/p>\n<h3>Th\u00eam Ki\u1ec3u con M\u1edbi<\/h3>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u con m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. B\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi (trong CTI) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi trong c\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (trong STI). Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh Ki\u1ec3u cha<\/h3>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u cha, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3u con n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CTI ho\u1eb7c B\u1ea3ng theo Ki\u1ec3u con. Trong STI, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn STI d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chung, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h3>Di chuy\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn. Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \ud83d\udea7<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcc8 Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n 1NF, v\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong> Trong STI, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh n\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong kh\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong> Trong CTI, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng con th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3NF b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 chung. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i con, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t &#8216;b\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n&#8217; m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \ud83d\udc41\ufe0f<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfaf C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u. Ba c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch mang l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00ean n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em>, <em>\u00d4 t\u00f4<\/em>, <em>Xe t\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<em>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng1<\/em>, <em>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng2<\/em> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/strong> D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i con m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u00edt lo\u1ea1i con, CTI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i con hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CTI, h\u00e3y l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng con \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng STI, h\u00e3y l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83e\uddea C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh 1: Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/h3>\n<p>Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3<em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con bao g\u1ed3m<em>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>, <em>Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u<\/em>, v\u00e0<em>Th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp sinh<\/em>. M\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u con c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t:<em>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng, <em>Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ph\u00ed. M\u1ed9t<code>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/code>b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0u t\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh 2: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho<\/h3>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<em>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con l\u00e0<em>\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/em>, <em>N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/em>, v\u00e0<em>Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o<\/em>. <em>\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/em> c\u00f3 <em>Th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh<\/em>. <em>Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o<\/em> c\u00f3 <em>K\u00edch c\u1ee1<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>M\u00e0u s\u1eafc<\/em>. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ea3ng \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n. \ud83d\udd0d<\/p>\n<h3>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh 3: Giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, <em>T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n<\/em> l\u00e0 si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con l\u00e0 <em>Ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m<\/em>, <em>Ki\u1ec3m tra<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>Vay<\/em>. M\u1ed9t <em>Ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m<\/em> t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u00f3 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t <em>Vay<\/em> t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n. B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn B\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\ude80 C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi:<\/strong> STI nhanh nh\u1ea5t cho thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh <code>CH\u00c8N<\/code> duy nh\u1ea5t. CTI y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh <code>CH\u00c8N<\/code>c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, CTI nhanh h\u01a1n STI v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t li\u00ean quan. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, STI nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> STI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n do <code>NULL<\/code> \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y NULL. CTI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n do kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt h\u01a1n do thi\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y <code>NULL<\/code> \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y NULL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \ud83d\udcca<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 X\u00e1c minh<\/h2>\n<p>Duy tr\u00ec to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc x\u00e1c minh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3u con ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u cha.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3u con lu\u00f4n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3u cha h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng <em>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t <em>T\u00edch l\u0169y<\/em> ki\u1ec3u con kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u00e2m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ed9 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong> Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u con m\u1edbi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang ki\u1ec3u cha. X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \ud83e\uddea<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcdd Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li>Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. Khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u con, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. C\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1704,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"K\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: Ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u con trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau, ki\u1ec3u con, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[82,85],"class_list":["post-1703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: Ki\u1ec3u si\u00eau v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u con trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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